Hari Karnival Daerah Sabak Bernam

Hari Karnival Daerah Sabak Bernam

Explorace STAR PUTRA TEMPAT KE-3

Tuesday, June 29, 2010
differences between internet,intranet and extranet

There's one major distinction between an intranet and the Internet: The Internet is an open, public space, while an intranet is designed to be a private space. An intranet may be accessible from the Internet, but as a rule it's protected by a password and accessible only to employees or other authorized users. From within a company, an intranet server may respond much more quickly than a typical Web site. This is because the public Internet is at the mercy of traffic spikes, server breakdowns and other problems that may slow the network. Within a company, however, users have much more bandwidth and network hardware may be more reliable. This makes it easier to serve high bandwidth content, such as audio and video, over an intranet. (unless you work for the United States Marine Corps. Then you don't get to watch video's. And they Block 80% of any kind of "fun" or entertaining website available on the Internet) The Extranet is a portion of an organization's Intranet that is made accessible to authorized outside users without full access to an entire organization's intranet.

ring

A ring network is a network topology in which each node connects to exactly two other nodes, forming a single continuous pathway for signals through each node - a ring. Data travels from node to node, with each node along the way handling every packet.

Because a ring topology provides only one pathway between any two nodes, ring networks may be disrupted by the failure of a single link[1]. A node failure or cable break might isolate every node attached to the ring. FDDI networks overcome this vulnerability by sending data on a clockwise and a counterclockwise ring: in the event of a break data is wrapped back onto the complementary ring before it reaches the end of the cable, maintaining a path to every node along the resulting "C-Ring". 802.5 networks -- also known as IBM Token Ring networks -- avoid the weakness of a ring topology altogether: they actually use a star topology at the physical layer and a Multistation Access Unit (MAU) to imitate a ring at the datalink layer.

Many ring networks add a "counter-rotating ring" to form a redundant topology. Such "dual ring" networks include Spatial Reuse Protocol, Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), and Resilient Packet Ring.

star topologi

Star networks are one of the most common computer network topologies. In its simplest form, a star network consists of one central switch, hub or computer, which acts as a conduit to transmit messages.[1] Thus, the hub and leaf nodes, and the transmission lines between them, form a graph with the topology of a star. If the central node is passive, the originating node must be able to tolerate the reception of an echo of its own transmission, delayed by the two-way transmission time (i.e. to and from the central node) plus any delay generated in the central node. An active star network has an active central node that usually has the means to prevent echo-related problems.

The star topology reduces the chance of network failure by connecting all of the systems to a central node. When applied to a bus-based network, this central hub rebroadcasts all transmissions received from any peripheral node to all peripheral nodes on the network, sometimes including the originating node. All peripheral nodes may thus communicate with all others by transmitting to, and receiving from, the central node only. The failure of a transmission line linking any peripheral node to the central node will result in the isolation of that peripheral node from all others, but the rest of the systems will be unaffected. [2]

It is also designed with each node (file servers, workstations, and peripherals) connected directly to a central network hub, switch, or concentrator.

Data on a star network passes through the hub, switch, or concentrator before continuing to its destination. The hub, switch, or concentrator manages and controls all functions of the network. It is also acts as a repeater for the data flow. This configuration is common with twisted pair cable. However, it can also be used with coaxial cable or optical fibre cable.

Contents [hide]
1 Advantages
2 Disadvantages
3 References
4 See also

bus topologi

A bus topology connects each computer (nodes) to a single segment trunk (a communication line, typically coax cable, that is referred to as the 'bus'. The signal travels from one end of the bus to the other. A terminator is required at each to absorb the signal so as it does not reflect back across the bus. A media access method called CSMA/MA is used to handle the collision that occur when two signals placed on the wire at the same time. The bus topology is passive. In other words, the computers on the bus simply 'listen' for a signal; they are not responsible for moving the signal along.

Network Tropologi

A network consists of multiple computers connected using some type of interface, each having one or more interface devices such as a Network Interface Card (NIC) and/or a serial device for PPP networking. Each computer is supported by network software that provides the server or client functionality. The hardware used to transmit data across the network is called the media. It may include copper cable, fiber optic, or wireless transmission. The standard cabling used for the purposes of this document is 10Base-T category 5 ethernet cable. This is twisted copper cabling which appears at the surface to look similar to TV coaxial cable. It is terminated on each end by a connector that looks much like a phone connector. Its maximum segment length is 100 meters.

Network Categories
There are two main types of network categories which are:

Server based
Peer-to-peer
In a server based network, there are computers set up to be primary providers of services such as file service or mail service. The computers providing the service are are called servers and the computers that request and use the service are called client computers.

In a peer-to-peer network, various computers on the network can act both as clients and servers. For instance, many Microsoft Windows based computers will allow file and print sharing. These computers can act both as a client and a server and are also referred to as peers. Many networks are combination peer-to-peer and server based networks. The network operating system uses a network data protocol to communicate on the network to other computers. The network operating system supports the applications on that computer. A Network Operating System (NOS) includes Windows NT, Novell Netware, Linux, Unix and others.

Network Architecture

Network architecture is the design of a communications network. It is a framework for the specification of a network's physical components and their functional organization and configuration, its operational principles and procedures, as well as data formats used in its operation.

In computing, the network architecture is a characteristics of a computer network. The most prominent architecture today is evident in the framework of the Internet, which is based on the Internet Protocol Suite.

In telecommunication, the specification of a network architecture may also include a detailed description of products and services delivered via a communications network, as well as detailed rate and billing structures under which services are compensated.

In distinct usage in distributed computing, network architecture is also sometimes used as a synonym for the structure and classification of distributed application architecture, as the participating nodes in a distributed application are often referred to as a network. For example, the applications architecture of the public switched telephone network (PSTN) has been termed the Advanced Intelligent Network. There are any number of specific classifications but all lie on a continuum between the dumb network (e.g., Internet) and the intelligent computer network (e.g., the telephone network). Other networks contain various elements of these two classical types to make them suitable for various types of applications. Recently the context aware network, which is a synthesis of the two, has gained much interest with its ability to combine the best elements of both

Computer Network

A computer network allows sharing of resources and information among devices connected to the network. The Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) funded the design of the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) for the United States Department of Defense. It was the first operational computer network in the world.[1] Development of the network began in 1969, based on designs developed during the 1960s. For a history see ARPANET, the first network.
[edit] Purpose
Computer networks can be used for several purposes:
Facilitating communications. Using a network, people can communicate efficiently and easily via e-mail, instant messaging, chat rooms, telephony, video telephone calls, and videoconferencing.
Sharing hardware. In a networked environment, each computer on a network can access and use hardware on the network. Suppose several personal computers on a network each require the use of a laser printer. If the personal computers and a laser printer are connected to a network, each user can then access the laser printer on the network, as they need it.
Sharing files, data, and information. In a network environment, any authorized user can access data and information stored on other computers on the network. The capability of providing access to data and information on shared storage devices is an important feature of many networks.
Sharing software. Users connected to a network can access application programs on the network.

database developement

A database consists of an organized collection of data for one or more multiple uses. One way of classifying databases involves the type of content, for example: bibliographic, full-text, numeric, image. Other classification methods start from examining database models or database architectures: see below. Software organizes the data in a database according to a database model. As of 2010[update] the relational model occurs most commonly. Other models such as the hierarchical model and the network model use a more explicit representation of relationships.

software information system

SIW is an advanced System Information for Windows tool that gathers detailed information about your system properties and settings and displays it in an extremely comprehensible manner.
SIW can create a report file (CSV, HTML, TXT or XML), and is able to run in batch mode (for Computer Software and Hardware Inventory, Asset Inventory Tracking, Audit Software Licenses, Software License Compliance).
The system information is divided into few major categories:
Software Inventory: Operating System, Installed Software and Hotfixes, Processes, Services, Users, Open Files, System Uptime, Installed Codecs, Software Licenses (Product Keys / Serial Numbers / CD Key), Passwords Recovery.
Hardware Inventory: Motherboard, CPU, Sensors, BIOS, chipset, PCI/AGP, USB and ISA/PnP Devices, Memory, Video Card, Monitor, Disk Drives, CD/DVD Devices, SCSI Devices, S.M.A.R.T., Ports, Printers.
Network Information: Network Cards, Network Shares, currently active Network Connections, Open Ports.
Network Tools: MAC Address Changer, Neighborhood Scan, Ping, Trace, Statistics
Miscellaneous Tools: Eureka! (Reveal lost passwords hidden behind asterisks), Monitor Test, Shutdown / Restart.
Real-time monitors: CPU, Memory, Page File usage and Network Traffic.
SIW is a standalone utility that does not require installation (Portable Freeware) - one less installed program on your PC as well the fact that you can run the program directly from an USB flash drive, from a floppy, from a network drive or from a domain login script. SIW can be distributed freely (ftp, archives, CD-ROMs ...).

concepts of information system

1 A Natural Structuring ConceptInformations systems are being designed as parts of increasingly complex systems. The complexity of these systems may result from their size, from the complexity of the information they need or generate, from the complexity of their behavior, from a long evolution,... In order to deal with this complexity, adequate structuring mechanisms are needed. We argue that the concept of agent is appropriate and natural to deal with the complexity of studied systems by decomposing them in a natural way.
When doing Requirements Engineering for an IS, it is important to model not only the ``to-be IS'' (what Jackson calls the machine [8]) but also the environment with which the machine will interact, which exists in spite of the machine (thereby constraining the machine) and in terms of which the requirements have to be expressed. Such an environment description can be structured in a natural way by identifying various agents having interactions among themselves and with the machine. The environment can be considered as a composite system [2] made of agents of different kinds like human beings (probably users of the IS), existing software, computer hardware or other kinds of devices like mechanical devices. All these agents have characteristics and behaviours that need to be taken into account to correctly model the behaviour of the ``to-be IS''.
The concept of agent is therefore a natural basic building block for structuring the description of an IS and its environment. Beneficial consequences of this structuring appear at various stages of the Requirements Engineering process. When modelling, it is well known that structuring allows analysts, amongst other things, to focus on some specific concerns and to distribute the work among them. Similarly, such advantages appear at the validation stage where a cooperative animation technique allows different people to play the role of agents and test requirements descriptions against scenarios (see [7]). Compositional reasoning can also be applied on a specification structured with agents, allowing to reason on or prove properties of some agents, by relying on conclusions previously achieved for other agents (see [11]).

Information systems

Information Systems (IS) is a professional and academic discipline concerned with the strategic, managerial and operational activities involved in the gathering, processing, storing, distributing and use of information, and its associated technologies, in society and organizations. As an area of study, IS bridges the multidisciplinary business world and the interdisciplinary computer science field that is evolving toward a new scientific discipline.[4][5][6][7] An information systems discipline therefore is supported by the theoretical foundations of information and computations such that undergraduate students have unique opportunities to explore the academics of various business models as well as related algorithmic processes within a computer science discipline.[8][9][10] Typically, information systems or the more common legacy information systems include people, procedures, data, software, and hardware (by degree) that are used to gather and analyze digital information.[11][12] Specifically computer-based information systems are complementary networks of hardware/software that people and organizations use to collect, filter, process, create, & distribute data (computing).[13] Today, Computer Information System(s) (CIS) is often a track within the computer science field studying computers and algorithmic processes, including their principles, their software & hardware designs, their applications, and their impact on society.[14][15][16] Overall, an IS discipline emphasizes functionality over design.[17]
As illustrated by the Venn Diagram on the right, the history of information systems coincides with the history of computer science that began long before the modern discipline of computer science emerged in the twentieth century.[18] Regarding the circulation of information and ideas, numerous legacy information systems still exist today that are continuously updated to promote ethnographic approaches, to ensure data integrity, and to improve the social effectiveness & efficiency of the whole process.[19] In general, information systems are focused upon processing information within organizations, especially within business enterprises, and sharing the benefits with modern society.[20]

programme development phase

Program Development Phase
To make a program, the programmer has to undergo several phases and which will determine how and what the program he should make.
Firstly, the programmer has to undergo the analyzing phase. In this phase, the programmer has to conduct a survey to determine the problem faced by the client and know the target user.
Then, the programmer will begin the design phase. In the design phase, the programmer has to design the program and draw them out as a pseudo code, flow chart or top down design model.
Next is the coding phase. In the coding phase, the programmer will begin his work on coding the program. The coding is usually be done by several programmer as a complex program consist of many syntax.
Testing and debugging phase are the next phase. Here the program done will be tested to ensure that is error free. The usual error is the syntax error, logic error and run-time error. This phase is also called debugging because the error occurred are also known as bug.
Finally it is the documentation phase. Documentation is also including internal documentation and marketing documentation. Internal documentation is made so that the programmer can easily edit the code in the future. It also enables other programmer to know how the program is coded so that they can also improve it. Marketing documentation is done so that the customer can have a better understanding on the program. This will also enable the potential customer to compare the program with other product and expect what they could gain from the program.Read more: http://www.bukisa.com/articles/108793_program-development-phase#ixzz0pez39EOS

programming concepts

Introduction
Computer programs are collections of instructions that tell a computer how to interact with the user, interact with the computer hardware and process data. The first programmable computers required the programmers to write explicit instructions to directly manipulate the hardware of the computer. This "machine language" was very tedious to write by hand since even simple tasks such as printing some output on the screen require 10 or 20 machine language commands. Machine language is often referred to as a "low level language" since the code directly manipulates the hardware of the computer.
By contrast, higher level languages such as "C", C++, Pascal, Cobol, Fortran, ADA and Java are called "compiled languages". In a compiled language, the programmer writes more general instructions and a compiler (a special piece of software) automatically translates these high level instructions into machine language. The machine language is then executed by the computer. A large portion of software in use today is programmed in this fashion.
We can contrast compiled programming languages with interpreted programming languages. In an interpreted programming language, the statements that the programmer writes are interpreted as the program is running. This means they are translated into machine language on the fly and then execute as the program is running. Some popular interpreted languages include Basic, Visual Basic, Perl and shell scripting languages such as those found in the UNIX environment.
We can make another comparison between two different models of programming. In structured programming, blocks of programming statements (code) are executed one after another. Control statements change which blocks of code are executed next.
In object oriented programming, data are contained in objects and are accessed using special methods (blocks of code) specific to the type of object. There is no single "flow" of the program as objects can freely interact with one another by passing messages.
In this tutorial, we focus only on structured programming.

Program Structure
Virtually all structured programs share a similar overall structure:
Statements to establish the start of the program
Variable declaration
Program statements (blocks of code)
The following is a simple example of a program written in several different programming languages. We call this the "Hello World" example since all the program does is print "Hello World" on the computer screen.
Language
Example program
"C"
#include
void main() {
printf("Hello World");
}
C++
#include
int main()
{
cout
Pascal
program helloworld (output);
begin
writeln('Hello World');
end.
Oracle PL/SQL
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE helloworld AS
BEGIN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Hello World');
END;
Java
class helloworld
{
public static void main (String args [])
{
System.out.println ("Hello World");
}
}
Perl
#!/usr/local/bin/perl -w
print "Hello World";
Basic
print "Hello World"

multimedia developement

About Us - Overview
Your gateway to MSC Malaysia is the Multimedia Development Corporation (MDeC), a high-powered 'one-stop agency' focused on ensuring the success of MSC Malaysia and the companies operating in it.
MDeC is incorporated under the Companies Act of Malaysia, and owned and funded by the Government. At MDeC, we combine the entrepreneurial efficiency and effectiveness of a private company with the decision-making authority of a high-powered government agency.
Our role is to advise the Malaysian Government on legislation and policies, develop MSC Malaysia-specific practises, and set breakthrough standards for multimedia operations. We also promote MSC Malaysia locally and globally, as well as support companies which are locating and located within MSC Malaysia.
We are dedicated to ensuring MSC Malaysia is the world's best environment to harness the full potential of ICT. MDeC is a champion, facilitator and partner. We champion the merits of MSC Malaysia, facilitate the entry of companies and partner with the Government and the private sector in realising both a vision and an opportunity.MDeC ensures that companies interested in entering MSC Malaysia have what they need to succeed. We guarantee a 30-day turnaround for applications, and will coach companies through the application process. As a performance-oriented, client-focused agency, we also assist in expediting permit and license approvals, and introduce companies to potential local partners and financiers.
Companies wishing to participate in the Corridor need not look elsewhere. Application begins and ends here. MDeC stands ready to work with investors, foreign and local, big or small, to ensure that MSC Malaysia fulfils its promises. Visit our Success Stories section to see what existing MSC Malaysia companies have to say about us.

hardware and software

hardware and software